[176] These mushroomed in the later Victorian era to include mass-circulation newspapers costing as little as a halfpenny, along with popular magazines such as The Illustrated Police News which made the Ripper the beneficiary of previously unparalleled publicity. [179] However, many of the articles were sensationalistic and speculative, and false information was regularly printed as fact. [35], One week later, on Saturday 8 September 1888, the body of Annie Chapman was discovered at approximately 6 a.m. near the steps to the doorway of the back yard of 29 Hanbury Street, Spitalfields. [200] The image of the Ripper merged with or borrowed symbols from horror stories, such as Dracula's cloak or Victor Frankenstein's organ harvest. Jack the Ripper: at the crossing between fact and fantasy. An arm and shoulder belonging to the body were previously discovered floating in the River Thames near Pimlico on 11 September, and the left leg was subsequently discovered buried near where the torso was found on 17 October. [23][174] The Elementary Education Act 1880 (which had extended upon a previous Act) made school attendance compulsory regardless of class. 78–79; Marriott, Trevor, p. 221. We offer carefully designed phonics worksheets, games, videos and flash cards you will find on our site. [98], Another suspected precanonical victim was a young dressmaker named Ada Wilson,[99] who reportedly survived being stabbed twice in the neck with a clasp knife[100] upon the doorstep of her home in Bow on 28 March 1888. 245–246; Evans and Skinner, Evans and Rumbelow, pp. Similarities with the Ripper murders led to press speculation that the Ripper had killed him. There is disagreement over the kidney; some contend that it belonged to Eddowes, while others argue that it was a macabre practical joke. 70–74, Cook, p. 143; Fido, pp. [95] Most authors agree that the victim "Fairy Fay" never existed. Frissons garantis. [153] Eddowes's ear appears to have been nicked by the killer incidentally during his attack, and the letter writer's threat to send the ears to the police was never carried out. [6], In October 1888, London's Metropolitan Police Service estimated that there were 62 brothels and 1,200 women working as prostitutes in Whitechapel,[7] with approximately 8,500 people residing in the 233 common lodging-houses within Whitechapel every night,[3] with the nightly price of a single bed being 4d[8] and the cost of sleeping upon a "lean-to" ("Hang-over") rope stretched across the bedrooms of these houses being 2d for adults or children. [140] Suspects proposed years after the murders include virtually anyone remotely connected to the case by contemporary documents, as well as many famous names who were never considered in the police investigation, including a member of the British royal family,[141] an artist, and a physician. Although the Ripper’s crimes were heinous and grotesque, they managed to captivate the entire country, serving as titilating entertainment for the repressed Victorian culture. the website where English Language teachers exchange resources: 47–52; Sugden, p. 254, Letter from Charles Warren to Godfrey Lushington, Permanent, Dr. Thomas Bond "notes of examination of body of woman found murdered & mutilated in Dorset Street" MEPO 3/3153 ff. Jack the Ripper worksheets Teaching Kids who Canñññt Read? The City of London Police were involved under Detective Inspector James McWilliam after the Eddowes murder, which occurred within the City of London. 8–9; Marriott, Trevor, pp. Listening lesson plans with mp3 files also available. thread, I thought I'd give it a shot to reconstruct, at least, the sequence of comings and goings in and around Sherlock Holmes versus Jack the Ripper. Worksheets that listen. [58], The extensively mutilated and disembowelled body of Mary Jane Kelly was discovered lying on the bed in the single room where she lived at 13 Miller's Court, off Dorset Street, Spitalfields, at 10:45 a.m. on Friday 9 November 1888. [10] Anti-semitism, crime, nativism, racism, social disturbance, and severe deprivation influenced public perceptions that Whitechapel was a notorious den of immorality. The Establishment as a whole became the villain, with the Ripper acting as a manifestation of upper-class exploitation. 551–557. [138] Others have thought that the killer was an educated upper-class man, possibly a doctor or an aristocrat who ventured into Whitechapel from a more well-to-do area. Evans and Rumbelow, pp. Letter from Charles Warren to Godfrey Lushington. [43] The cause of death was a single clear-cut incision, measuring six inches across her neck which had severed her left carotid artery and her trachea before terminating beneath her right jaw. [31] Her throat was severed by two deep cuts, one of which completely severed all the tissue down to the vertebrae. [52] The murders of Stride and Eddowes ultimately became known as the "double event". [202], Jack the Ripper features in hundreds of works of fiction and works which straddle the boundaries between fact and fiction, including the Ripper letters and a hoax diary: The Diary of Jack the Ripper. Mary Ann Nichols - 43 years old (31 August) Annie Chapman - 47 years old (8 September) Who was Jack the Ripper ? Cook, pp. by Frogwares Studio. Rumours that the murders were connected intensified in September and October 1888, and numerous letters were received by media outlets and Scotland Yard from individuals purporting to be the murderer. The main victims thought to be killed by the Ripper were five prostitutes: . An analysis of the metropolitan [191], The nature of the Ripper murders and the impoverished lifestyle of the victims[192] drew attention to the poor living conditions in the East End[193] and galvanised public opinion against the overcrowded, insanitary slums. “Jack the Ripper,” Victorian cultural authorities, and newspapers in particular, spent a great deal of time meditating on the social problem posed by the class of low-end, urban prostitutes from which the Ripper’s victims were drawn. Grammar, reading, vocabulary, speaking. [44] The absence of any further mutilations to her body has led to uncertainty as to whether Stride's murder was committed by the Ripper, or whether he was interrupted during the attack. [66] In 1894, Sir Melville Macnaghten, Assistant Chief Constable of the Metropolitan Police Service and Head of the Criminal Investigation Department (CID), wrote a report that stated: "the Whitechapel murderer had 5 victims—& 5 victims only". Whiteway, Ken (2004). A multi-level English curriculum featuring cartoon animated videos, engaging games, interactive tests and a progress tracker. Five victims—Mary Ann Nichols, Annie Chapman, Elizabeth Stride, Catherine Eddowes, and Mary Jane Kelly—are known as the "canonical five" and their murders between 31 August and 9 November 1888 are often considered the most likely to be linked. In both the criminal case files and contemporary journalistic accounts, the killer was called the Whitechapel Murderer and Leather Apron. The left kidney and the major part of the uterus had been removed, and her face had been disfigured, with her nose severed, her cheek slashed, and cuts measuring a quarter of an inch and a half an inch respectively vertically incised through each of her eyelids. [14][23][24], Tabram was murdered on a staircase landing in George Yard, Whitechapel, on 7 August 1888;[25] she had suffered 39 stab wounds to her throat, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, stomach, and abdomen, with additional knife wounds inflicted to her breasts and vagina. [82] Bruising about the victim's back, hip, and arm indicated the decedent had been extensively beaten shortly before her death. Jack the Ripper was an unidentified serial killer active in the largely impoverished areas in and around the Whitechapel district of London in 1888. 205–207 and Fido, pp. She may have been another victim of the "Torso killer". [90] Millwood was later postulated to be the Ripper's first victim, although this attack cannot be definitively linked to the perpetrator. Video Worksheet [1]: An overview of the Jack the Ripper murders and the investigation This worksheet accompanies the first 40 minutes of the video available from here . [114] A large team of policemen conducted house-to-house inquiries throughout Whitechapel. [197], In the immediate aftermath of the murders and later, "Jack the Ripper became the children's bogey man. The public came increasingly to believe in a single serial killer known as "Jack the Ripper", mainly because of both the extraordinarily brutal nature of the murders, and media coverage of the crimes. [108] Elizabeth Jackson was a prostitute whose various body parts were collected from the river Thames over a three-week period in June 1889. 187–188, 261; Woods and Baddeley, pp. Stride's body was discovered at approximately 1 a.m. in Dutfield's Yard, off Berner Street (now Henriques Street) in Whitechapel. The writer claimed that he "fried and ate" the missing kidney half. [173], The Ripper murders mark an important watershed in the treatment of crime by journalists. Home [149], Hundreds of letters claimed to have been written by the killer himself,[150] and three of these in particular are prominent: the "Dear Boss" letter, the "Saucy Jacky" postcard and the "From Hell" letter. Jack the Ripper was just as violent, using a knife to slash and stab his way through London’s Whitechapel for three months, killing a total of five women. Macnaghten's notes quoted by Evans and Skinner. [109], On 29 December 1888, the body of a seven-year-old boy named John Gill was found in a stable block in Manningham, Bradford. [120] A report from Inspector Swanson to the Home Office confirms that 76 butchers and slaughterers were visited, and that the inquiry encompassed all their employees for the previous six months. [23] The Whitechapel murders file details another four murders that occurred after the canonical five: those of Rose Mylett, Alice McKenzie, the Pinchin Street torso, and Frances Coles. 218–222; Evans and Skinner. [199] By the 1960s, the Ripper had become "the symbol of a predatory aristocracy",[199] and was more often portrayed in a top hat dressed as a gentleman. Several minor bruises and cuts were found on her body, which also bore a seven-inch long superficial wound extending between beneath her left breast and her navel. [83] She appeared to have been killed approximately one day prior to the discovery of her torso. [48] A triangular incision—the apex of which pointed towards Eddowes's eye—had also been carved upon each of her cheeks,[49] and a section of the auricle and lobe of her right ear was later recovered from her clothing. This is a brief review of the Jack the Ripper murders that occurred in The East End of London more than a hundred years ago. [112], The vast majority of the City of London Police files relating to their investigation into the Whitechapel murders were destroyed in the Blitz. Jack the Ripper was an unidentified serial killer active in the largely impoverished areas in and around the Whitechapel district of London in 1888. [34] Several other incisions inflicted to both sides of her abdomen had also been caused by the same knife; each of these wounds had been inflicted in a downward thrusting manner. [17][132] This view is challenged by others, who dismiss such hypotheses as insupportable supposition. The PC's beat, courting couples, club members walking folks home and returning. English Lessons for Kids - Videos, Printables, Games, Online Tests 208–209; Rumbelow, p. 131. 231–234; Rumbelow, p. 157. (Document téléchargeable en .doc) Grâce à cette séquence très détaillée de l’"atelier 19" (groupe animé par Corinne Brugière), utilisez des documents vidéo et faites découvrir Jack the Ripper et Sherlock Holmes à vos élèves. [115] Following the murders of Stride and Eddowes, the Commissioner of the City Police, Sir James Fraser, offered a reward of £500 for the arrest of the Ripper. 31–63. [32] Her vagina had been stabbed twice,[33] and the lower part of her abdomen was partly ripped open by a deep, jagged wound, causing her bowels to protrude. [68], Some researchers have posited that some of the murders were undoubtedly the work of a single killer, but an unknown larger number of killers acting independently were responsible for the other crimes. She had received a superficial cut to her throat. [52] Lawende's companions were unable to confirm his description. [167], Scotland Yard published facsimiles of the "Dear Boss" letter and the postcard on 3 October, in the ultimately vain hope that a member of the public would recognise the handwriting. 186–187; Evans and Skinner, Evans and Rumbelow, pp. [203] The Ripper appears in novels, short stories, poems, comic books, games, songs, plays, operas, television programmes, and films. [79] Opinions among writers are also divided between those who suspect McKenzie's murderer copied the modus operandi of Jack the Ripper to deflect suspicion from himself,[80] and those who ascribe this murder to Jack the Ripper. [84] The dismembered sections of the body are believed to have been transported to the railway arch, hidden under an old chemise. Kosminski was a Polish Jew who emigrated from Congress Poland to England in the 1880s. [129] The opinion offered by Bond on the character of the "Whitechapel murderer" is the earliest surviving offender profile. Everything you need to help a child learn to read through phonics: decodable stories, listening exercises, you name it. 81–125, Medical report in Coroner's Inquests, no. [142] Everyone alive at the time is now long dead, and modern authors are free to accuse anyone "without any need for any supporting historical evidence". 76–77; Evans and Rumbelow, p. 137; Evans and Skinner, Cook, pp. [112] Her body was found with a large tear through her groin area and superficial cuts on her legs and back. More than 100 non-fiction works deal exclusively with the Jack the Ripper murders, making it one of the most written-about true-crime subjects. Evans, Stewart P.; Connell, Nicholas (2000). As in the case of Mary Ann Nichols, the throat was severed by two deep cuts. [30], The body of Mary Ann Nichols was discovered at about 3:40 a.m. on Friday 31 August 1888 in Buck's Row (now Durward Street), Whitechapel. Although there were various suspects, no one was ever arrested for the crimes, and the case is one of the most famous unsolved mysteries of English crime. [158], The "Saucy Jacky" postcard was postmarked 1 October 1888 and was received the same day by the Central News Agency. Use coupon code "ESLPR" on registration for discount! [37] Chapman's autopsy also revealed that her uterus and sections of her bladder and vagina[38] had been removed. At the end of October, Robert Anderson asked police surgeon Thomas Bond to give his opinion on the extent of the murderer's surgical skill and knowledge. "Clay Pipe" Alice, Alice Bryant", "The Importance of Fairy Fay, and Her Link to Emma Smith", "Scotland Yard is Built on a Crime Scene Related to an Unsolved Murder: The Whitehall Mystery", "Unsettling Tale of Murder in Victorian Bradford", "Jack the Ripper: Has notorious serial killer's identity been revealed by new DNA evidence? The world may finally know the real name of Jack the Ripper. Itñññs Easy with Kiz Phonics [196] For many years, the Ten Bells public house in Commercial Street (which had been frequented by at least one of the canonical Ripper victims) was the focus of such tours. The mutilations were similar to those in the Pinchin Street torso case, where the legs and head were severed but not the arms. 60–61; Rumbelow, pp. Examples derived from Jack the Ripper include the French Ripper, the Düsseldorf Ripper, the Camden Ripper, the Blackout Ripper, Jack the Stripper, the Yorkshire Ripper, and the Rostov Ripper. Vocabulary Multi-choice quiz. Pratiques UNE SÉQUENCE DE RECHERCHE DOCUMENTAIRE EN ANGLAIS À la recherche de Jack the Ripper Delphine RAVION – professeure d’anglais Lycée Paul Éluard – Saint-Denis (93) V En classe de seconde, une professeure d’anglais propose à ses élèves d’effectuer des recherches sur Jack l’éventreur en vue de la publication d’un article dans le journal en anglais du lycée. Professor Francis E. Camps, August 1966, "More on Jack the Ripper", e.g. 236–237, Dennis, Richard, "Common Lodgings and 'Furnished Rooms': Housing in 1880s Whitechapel", in Werner, pp. [4] Fifty-five percent of children born in the East End died before they were five years old. Part 2. [163] The letter came with a small box in which Lusk discovered half of a human kidney, preserved in "spirits of wine" (ethanol). [117] The overall direction of the murder enquiries was hampered by the fact that the newly appointed head of the CID Robert Anderson was on leave in Switzerland between 7 September and 6 October, during the time when Chapman, Stride, and Eddowes were killed. [110] Gill had been missing since 27 December. Hi all, Because of the ever-returning discussion on the timings of all the witnesses involved in the Stride case and also as a result of a post by Al Bundy's Eyes (#799) on the "Stride..a victim?" worksheets, lesson plans,  activities, etc. The five "soiled doves" were stabbed to death in Whitechapel between August 31st and November 9th, 1888, always late at night. [50] The police surgeon who conducted the post mortem upon Eddowes's body stated his opinion these mutilations would have taken "at least five minutes" to complete. 219 ff. 135, Corporation of London Records, quoted in Evans and Skinner, pp. 315, 319. The name "Fairy Fay" was first used by Terrence Robinson in, Beadle, p. 207; Evans and Rumbelow, p. 202; Fido, p. 100, Vanderlinden, Wolf (2003–04). [168] Charles Warren explained in a letter to Godfrey Lushington, Permanent Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department: "I think the whole thing a hoax but of course we are bound to try & ascertain the writer in any case. [85], At 2:15 a.m. on 13 February 1891, PC Ernest Thompson discovered a 25-year-old prostitute named Frances Coles lying beneath a railway arch at Swallow Gardens, Whitechapel. Her face had been "hacked beyond all recognition",[59] with her throat severed down to the spine, and the abdomen almost emptied of its organs. [87] A 53-year-old stoker, James Thomas Sadler, had earlier been seen drinking with Coles, and the two are known to have argued approximately three hours before her death. [70] Conversely, others suppose that the six murders between Tabram and Kelly were the work of a single killer. [39], At the inquest into Chapman's murder, Elizabeth Long described having seen Chapman standing outside 29 Hanbury Street at about 5:30 a.m.[40] in the company of a dark-haired man wearing a brown deer-stalker hat and dark overcoat, and of a "shabby-genteel" appearance. It is believed their attention is particularly directed to ... a notorious character known as 'Leather Apron'. [148] Some letters were well-intentioned offers of advice as to how to catch the killer, but the vast majority were either hoaxes or generally useless. The strangled body of 26-year-old Rose Mylett[73] was found in Clarke's Yard, High Street, Poplar on 20 December 1888. [166] Openshaw subsequently also received a letter signed "Jack the Ripper". [137], The concentration of the killings around weekends and public holidays and within a short distance of each other has indicated to many that the Ripper was in regular employment and lived locally. Poets, actors and singers of the late Victorian era have alternately been accused by ‘Ripperologists,’ finally solving the mystery. Some of the victims were mutilated, with internal organs being removed and left beside the body. 235–8, quoted in Begg, Marriott, John, "The Imaginative Geography of the Whitechapel murders", in Werner, p. 54, Cook, pp. In the 1920s and 1930s, he was depicted in film dressed in everyday clothes as a man with a hidden secret, preying on his unsuspecting victims; atmosphere and evil were suggested through lighting effects and shadowplay. Benefit from fifteen years of ESL experience. [186] John Pizer, a local Jew who made footwear from leather, was known by the name "Leather Apron"[187] and was arrested, even though the investigating inspector reported that "at present there is no evidence whatsoever against him". [11] Such perceptions were strengthened in the autumn of 1888 when the series of vicious and grotesque murders attributed to "Jack the Ripper" received unprecedented coverage in the media. [101] A further suspected precanonical victim, Annie Farmer, resided at the same lodging house as Martha Tabram[102] and reported an attack on 21 November 1888. [171] The journalist was identified as Tom Bullen in a letter from Chief Inspector John Littlechild to George R. Sims dated 23 September 1913. "Ripperology, A Term Coined By ...", identity and profession of Jack the Ripper, Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department, List of fugitives from justice who disappeared, "Jack the Ripper: Why Does a Serial Killer Who Disembowelled Women Deserve a Museum? The "From Hell" letter received by George Lusk of the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee came with half of a preserved human kidney, purportedly taken from one of the victims. [23][174] Jack the Ripper was not the first serial killer, but his case was the first to create a worldwide media frenzy. In the first four the throats appear to have been cut from left to right, in the last case owing to the extensive mutilation it is impossible to say in what direction the fatal cut was made, but arterial blood was found on the wall in splashes close to where the woman's head must have been lying.All the circumstances surrounding the murders lead me to form the opinion that the women must have been lying down when murdered and in every case the throat was first cut. Warning: This game has gory scenes. Worksheets that motivate students. Release year: 2020. He worked as a hairdresser in Whitechapel in the East End of London, where a series of murders ascribed to an unidentified figure nicknamed "Jack the Ripper" were committed in 1888. Modern police work follows the same pattern. [81], "The Pinchin Street torso" was a decomposing headless and legless torso of an unidentified woman aged between 30 and 40 discovered beneath a railway arch in Pinchin Street, Whitechapel, on 10 September 1889. In both the criminal case files and contemporary journalistic accounts, the killer was called the Whitechapel Murderer and Leather Apron.. Itñññs Easy with Kiz Phonics We offer carefully designed phonics worksheets, games, videos and flash cards you will find on our site. Her throat had been deeply cut but her body was not mutilated, leading some to believe Thompson had disturbed her assailant. [28] However, this murder differs from the later canonical murders because although Tabram had been repeatedly stabbed, she had not suffered any slash wounds to her throat or abdomen. [29], The canonical five Ripper victims are Mary Ann Nichols, Annie Chapman, Elizabeth Stride, Catherine Eddowes, and Mary Jane Kelly. [126] The Committee petitioned the government to raise a reward for information leading to the arrest of the killer, offered their own reward of £50 for information leading to his capture,[127] and hired private detectives to question witnesses independently.[128]. Plus flashcards. [116], The investigation was initially conducted by the Metropolitan Police Whitechapel (H) Division Criminal Investigation Department (CID) headed by Detective Inspector Edmund Reid. [67] Similarly, the canonical five victims were linked together in a letter written by police surgeon Thomas Bond to Robert Anderson, head of the London CID, on 10 November 1888. As such, by 1888, more working-class people in England and Wales were literate. [107] It is debatable whether Jack the Ripper and the "Torso killer" were the same person or separate serial killers active in the same area. American crime author Patricia Cornwell claimed that Walter Sickert, a well-known eccentric and painter, matched mitochondrial DNA profiles from letters written by Jack the Ripper. The text is unedited, and any errors or omissions rest with the author. [89] "Fairy Fay" was a nickname given to an unidentified[90] woman whose body was allegedly found in a doorway close to Commercial Road on 26 December 1887[91] "after a stake had been thrust through her abdomen",[92][93] but there were no recorded murders in Whitechapel at or around Christmas 1887. Infamous murderer Jack the Ripper killed at least five London female prostitutes in 1888. The name "Jack the Ripper" originated in a letter written by an individual claiming to be the murderer that was disseminated in the media. The powerpoint asks and answers key questions on the Ripper case while the handout engages the students in a series of tasks that challenges them and embeds historical skills. [53][54], A section of Eddowes's bloodied apron was found at the entrance to a tenement in Goulston Street, Whitechapel, at 2:55 a.m.[55] A chalk inscription upon the wall directly above this piece of apron read: "The Juwes are The men That Will not be Blamed for nothing. [112] At the time, the murder was compared to those in Whitechapel, though the Metropolitan Police eventually ruled out any connection. "The New York Affair", in, Marriott, John, "The Imaginative Geography of the Whitechapel murders", in Werner, p. 48. [21] This attack was linked to the later murders by the press,[22] but most authors attribute Smith's murder to general East End gang violence unrelated to the Ripper case. Vocabulary 1 Vocabulary 2 Multi-choice quiz. [88], In addition to the eleven Whitechapel murders, commentators have linked other attacks to the Ripper. [121] Some contemporary figures, including Queen Victoria, thought the pattern of the murders indicated that the culprit was a butcher or cattle drover on one of the cattle boats that plied between London and mainland Europe. [18], Smith was robbed and sexually assaulted in Osborn Street, Whitechapel, at approximately 1:30 a.m. on 3 April 1888. Sensational press reports combined with the fact that no one was ever convicted of the murders have confused scholarly analysis and created a legend that casts a shadow over later serial killers. 219–222; Rumbelow, p. 123, Evans and Rumbelow, p. 170; Fido, pp. [172] A journalist named Fred Best reportedly confessed in 1931 that he and a colleague at The Star had written the letters signed "Jack the Ripper" to heighten interest in the murders and "keep the business alive". ", "Old Wounds: Re-examining the Buck's Row Murder", "Another Horrible Tragedy in Whitechapel", "Alice McKenzie a.k.a. [189] The name "Jack" was already used to describe another fabled London attacker: "Spring-heeled Jack", who supposedly leapt over walls to strike at his victims and escape as quickly as he came. If four witnesses are to be placed in the gateway about 20 mins prior to them raising the alarm, we should be able to do it regardless of stated times. Marriott, Trevor, p. 251; Rumbelow, p. 49. But it doesn't work. Jack the Ripper as Victorian Entertainment by Jamie Kinsler Throughout the fall of 1888 Jack the Ripper terrorized the East End of London, England. The sequence of events gets fogged up by going off of stated times. His legs had been severed, his abdomen opened, his intestines partly drawn out, and his heart and one ear removed. [119], Butchers, slaughterers, surgeons, and physicians were suspected because of the manner of the mutilations. Many experts do not connect Tabram's murder with the later murders because of this difference in the wound pattern. [68] Bond also stated that "the homicidal impulse may have developed from a revengeful or brooding condition of the mind, or that religious mania may have been the original disease but I do not think either hypothesis is likely". Live Worksheets Fido, pp. [47], Eddowes's body was found in Mitre Square in the City of London, three-quarters of an hour after the discovery of the body of Elizabeth Stride. 7. [12], The large number of attacks against women in the East End during this time adds uncertainty to how many victims were murdered by the same individual. Evans and Rumbelow, pp. [143] Suspects named in contemporary police documents include three in Sir Melville Macnaghten's 1894 memorandum, but the evidence against these individuals is, at best, circumstantial.[144]. you want to download you have to send your own contributions. : The Life and Future Times of Jack the Ripper, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_the_Ripper&oldid=997681054, History of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, Violence against sex workers in the United Kingdom, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [14][15] Opinions vary as to whether these murders should be linked to the same culprit, but five of the eleven Whitechapel murders, known as the "canonical five", are widely believed to be the work of Jack the Ripper. [152] Initially, it was considered a hoax, but when Eddowes was found three days after the letter's postmark with a section of one ear obliquely cut from her body, the promise of the author to "clip the ladys (sic) ears off" gained attention. No organs were removed from the scene, though an ovary was found upon the bed, either purposely removed or unintentionally dislodged. [177] Consequently, at the height of the investigation, over one million copies[178] of newspapers with extensive coverage devoted to the Whitechapel murders were sold each day. In the mid-19th century, Britain experienced an influx of Irish immigrants who swelled the populations of the major cities, including the East End of London.

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